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1 May 2026, 15:51
Cardano Has a Busy Week: Lace 2.0, Leios & Voltaire Vote Live
Lace 2.0 launches with multi-chain Bitcoin support, USDCx mints 15M tokens in week one, and IO secures treasury votes for $46.8M infrastructure push by May 24 DRep deadline. Ouroboros Leios prototypes hit stable benchmarks targeting 10-65x throughput gains; Mithril reaches production-ready 1.0 mainnet signer with recursive SNARKs advancing light client verification. Intersect election results drop May 4 after 105 candidates battle for 37 seats; van Rossem hard fork preps nested txs and mempool boosts ahead of June mainnet activation The Cardano ecosystem has had an exciting week as the network enters a critical transition phase. From the long-awaited launch of Lace 2.0 to the formal verification of smart contracts through high-assurance tooling, the “Cardano 2026” vision is rapidly shifting from theoretical whitepapers to production-ready code. As of May 1, 2026, the community is navigating a dual-track evolution: a massive scaling push led by the Ouroboros Leios and Mithril protocols, and a historic governance milestone under the Voltaire era. With the “van Rossem” hard fork on the horizon for June, this week’s development report highlights a network that is not just growing, but fundamentally maturing. Treasury Proposals and DRep Voting At the heart of Cardano’s transition to a self-sufficient ecosystem is the 2026 Budget Process. This week, Input Output (IO) officially took its treasury proposals live , outlining a strategic roadmap that asks for $46.8 million to complete Cardano’s core infrastructure. To ensure transparency, the team published a comprehensive delivery report for Q4 2025 – Q1 2026 . This report serves as a “report card” for previous funding, revealing that IO successfully progressed 16 out of 18 commitments. Notable wins included the launch of USDCx—which minted over 15 million tokens in its first week—and the integration of LayerZero, connecting Cardano to over 160 blockchains and $80 billion in cross-chain assets. The community is currently in the middle of a high-stakes review period. IO has been hosting a series of X Spaces to break down complex proposals, including Cardano upgrades, developer experience, and High Assurance. For stakeholders, the most pressing deadline is May 24, 2026 , when Delegated Representative (DRep) voting officially closes . This voting period allows the community to decide which initiatives will define the next phase of the network’s development. Ouroboros Leios and the 1,000 TPS Target While governance dominates the headlines, the technical “engine room” is focused on throughput. The Leios team has reached a milestone in prototype stability, restoring consistency across both test suites and devnet environments. This week, the team published the first ledger throughput benchmarks, confirming a significant speedup in transaction processing. According to preliminary simulations and the Linear Leios CIP , the protocol is targeting a 10x to 65x increase in throughput, potentially moving Cardano toward the 1,000+ TPS mark by the end of 2026. Crucially, the implementation is being refined to place “endorser-block” announcements directly into the Praos block header. This technical alignment with the protocol specification ensures that as Cardano speeds up, it does not sacrifice the decentralization that has become its trademark. The team also updated their interactive cost analysis tool , providing Stake Pool Operators (SPOs) with a clearer picture of the operational requirements for running the Leios protocol. Production-Ready on Mainnet In tandem with Leios, the Mithril protocol has reached a “production-ready” status. The team recently released the 2617.0 distribution , marking the Mithril signer as 1.0.0 for the release-mainnet network. This version introduces support for Cardano node v.10.7.1 and includes statically built binaries to simplify deployment for SPOs. Beyond the mainnet release, the research side of Mithril is making rapid progress on Recursive SNARK circuits . By completing golden tests for the recursive circuit prototype and enhancing the non-recursive prover in the STM library, Mithril is moving closer to a future where light clients can verify the entire chain state in milliseconds. The Multi-Chain Revolution For the average user, the biggest news of the week is the launch of Lace 2.0 . The update brings the long-awaited Lace Mobile to Android (with iOS support currently in the pipeline), but the real story is the “multi-chain” shift. Lace 2.0 is no longer just a Cardano wallet; it is a gateway to the Bitcoin ecosystem. Users can now manage assets across both Cardano and Bitcoin within a single interface. This multi-chain functionality includes: Sending and receiving assets on both chains. Native staking and swapping on the go. Mobile DApp connectivity via a seamless browser integration. Early-stage support for Midnight, Cardano’s data-protection sidechain. This move positions Lace as a central hub for the “interconnected blockchain” vision, allowing users to leverage Bitcoin’s liquidity alongside Cardano’s smart contract capabilities. The High Assurance “Blaster” Cardano has always marketed itself on its “scientific method” and “high assurance” code. This week, the Cardano High Assurance team proved that this isn’t just marketing. They demonstrated two new tools— PlutusCoreBlaster and CardanoLedgerAPIBlaster —that enable automatic correctness proofs for smart contracts. Built in Lean 4 , these tools allow developers to write a contract in any surface language (Aiken, Plutarch, or Plinth), import the compiled bytecode, and prove its properties against the actual ledger rules. During the demonstration, the team used the tools on a sellNFT contract and uncovered a double-satisfaction vulnerability that had previously gone undetected. By providing a path to prove that a contract will only do what it is intended to do, Cardano is effectively raising the bar for DeFi security, aiming to eliminate the multi-million dollar hacks that have plagued other ecosystems. Core Ledger Evolution and Performance Gains Under the hood, the ledger team is preparing for the “van Rossem” hard fork , which is expected to introduce version 11 of the protocol in late June 2026. This week, they made significant progress on: Nested Transactions: Refining the rules for transactions within transactions. Mempool Optimization: A new method for preparing the Plutus context for each transaction, which is expected to yield “meaningful performance improvements.” Streaming Injection: A tool for testing on-disk storage scenarios by injecting large volumes of data into the ledger state without overwhelming operating memory. The team also leveraged the new AntiGen and Cuddle tools to squash several CDDL bugs, ensuring the protocol’s data structures remain robust as more complex features are integrated. The Voltaire Vote The governance narrative reached a fever pitch on Friday, May 1, as voting concluded for the Intersect election committees . Intersect, the member-based organization for Cardano’s decentralized government, saw a “hotly contested” election with 105 candidates vying for just 37 seats . An independent audit of the results is currently underway. The winners—who will help manage the network’s budget and technical direction—will be officially announced on Monday, May 4, at noon UTC . This election marks one of the final steps in handing over the “keys to the kingdom” from IOHK to the Cardano community. A Network in Full Bloom As we look at the state of Cardano on May 1, 2026, the progress is undeniable. The network is successfully balancing the immediate needs of its users (via Lace 2.0 and Android support) with the long-term structural requirements of a global financial operating system (via Leios, Mithril, and High Assurance tooling). The next three weeks will be critical. With DRep voting ending on May 24 and the Intersect election results due this Monday, the community is about to see exactly who will be leading the charge into the June hard fork. For investors and builders alike, the message is clear: Cardano is no longer “the blockchain that’s coming soon.” It is the blockchain that has arrived, fully verified and ready to scale.
1 May 2026, 14:00
Are Satoshi’s 600,000 BTC At Risk? Unveiling The Hard Fork That Targets Bitcoin
On-chain sleuth Tyler has drawn attention to a Bitcoin hard fork proposal amid the quantum threat to the Bitcoin network. This has raised concerns about what could happen to Satoshi Nakamoto’s BTC holdings , although the developer behind the proposal has assured that Satoshi’s coins will remain safe. Proposed Bitcoin Hard Fork Raises Concerns About Satoshi’s Holdings In an X post , Tyler warned that Satoshi’s coins will likely be moved within a week of the proposed e-cash hard fork. Paul Sztorc, the founder of LayerTwo Labs, proposed a Bitcoin hard fork , which he called eCash, and revealed that it will drop this August. He explained that investor coins will be split, with these investors getting an equivalent of their BTC holdings in eCash. Sztorc further stated that their L1 Node is a near-copy of the Bitcoin core and is SHA256d mined. He also mentioned that forks will be via a one-time difficulty reset to its minimum value. As such, mining will be very difficult at the beginning. Meanwhile, the LayerTwo Labs founder revealed that they will change the seed nodes, the name, and the network magic. Sztorc also commented on how this Bitcoin hard fork will differ from the Bitcoin Cash hard fork. He noted that BTC holders are getting an advanced warning, and they plan to replay all transactions at first and also release a coin-splitter tool. The crypto founder added that this is a permanent, sustainable fix for BTC’s problems. The proposal has notably raised concerns about what will happen to Satoshi’s BTC holdings . Crypto educator DBCrypto suggested that the proposed Bitcoin hard fork was a ploy to gain access to Satoshi’s coins. He also called out those who may be supporting the proposal, as it goes against having privacy to one’s coins. Satoshi’s Coins Will Remain Untouched In another X post , Sztorc addressed concerns about what will happen to Satoshi’s Bitcoin holdings, stating that they are not taking any of his coins. He said that, instead, they will “gift” the BTC creator 600,000 eCash, rather than 1.1 million coins, which is what he currently holds in BTC. Sztorc noted that these coins are more than what Satoshi got from Litecoin, Ethereum, Solana, Tether, and other crypto projects. He reiterated that BTC balances are untouched by eCash as they lack the BTC software or private key to move these coins. Meanwhile, as to how it would work, these eCash coins will move whenever a holder moves their BTC. However, if they sell their eCash coins, then the transaction will not replay on the Bitcoin network . At the time of writing, the BTC price is trading at around $77,000, up in the last 24 hours, according to data from CoinMarketCap.
1 May 2026, 13:24
The Bitcoin Debate: Ossify or Change
The exploit of Litecoin last week shows why Bitcoin users are wary of adding complexity to a monetary base layer. A day earlier, Bitcoin developer Paul Sztorc announced an eCash fork of Bitcoin in what reflects the counter-argument: that Bitcoin’s resistance to new functionality at the consensus layer carries real risks for its long-term survival and relevance. Together, they sharpen one of Bitcoin’s hardest open questions. On April 25, 2026 a day after Bitcoin developer Paul Sztorc announced his plans for an August hard fork, Litecoin suffered a setback after an attacker exploited a vulnerability in the protocol’s Mimblewimble Extension Block (MWEB) layer. While the two events are in no way related, their timing has shone light on a debate that has characterised Bitcoin development for over a decade: just how much complexity should a monetary network accept in order to support new functionality and broader use cases — and what are the costs either way? The MWEB Incident at a Glance Activated in May 2022, MWEB is an optional feature for Litecoin users, allowing those who want greater privacy to peg LTC into an extension block layer. Yet as the incident revealed, optional use does not necessarily mean optional validation complexity. Once MWEB became part of Litecoin’s consensus rules, it also became something miners and nodes had to validate correctly. According to Litecoin’s official MWEB postmortem report, developers had already identified the exploit path and patched it privately for miners in late March. In a proof-of-work network, however, upgrades depend on voluntary coordination. Since the fix was handled through miner patching rather than a widely adopted public upgrade, parts of the mining network remained exposed. When the same path was used again in April, upgraded nodes rejected the malformed block while unupgraded miners continued building on the invalid chain, which eventually ran for 13 blocks before upgraded miners coordinated to overtake it. By that time, several third-party swap protocols had processed transactions against it. The episode was resolved fairly quickly, but only after emergency coordination across mining pools and multiple staged releases. Litecoin is not Bitcoin, and the incident does not map directly onto any specific Bitcoin upgrade proposal. The relevance is broader, highlighting that once new functionality enters consensus, the risk is no longer confined to the users who choose to use it. It adds validation logic, edge cases and operational burdens for the network as a whole. The MWEB incident does not show that any Bitcoin proposal would repeat Litecoin’s failure. It shows why consensus-level changes are judged not only by what they enable, but by the assumptions, failure modes and coordination demands they introduce. A Hard Fork Built Around Drivechains After years of unsuccessful attempts to get his Drivechain proposals adopted on Bitcoin through community consensus, Paul Sztorc, CEO of LayerTwo Labs , announced on April 24 plans to force the issue through a hard fork called eCash. Scheduled for block height 964,000 in August 2026, the fork will give every BTC holder eCash at a 1:1 ratio and include tools to help users safely separate the two assets. The new chain would activate Sztorc’s long-debated Drivechain proposals: BIP300, which introduces a mechanism for creating sidechains and enforcing withdrawals via miner signalling and BIP301 , which allows miners to collect sidechain fees without running dedicated sidechain software. Together, they aim to let developers build sidechains with different rules, enabling features such as smart contracts, privacy tools and prediction markets while keeping that additional functionality off Bitcoin’s base layer. Sztorc has framed the activation path as a Core Untouched Soft Fork or CUSF — an activation route outside Bitcoin Core’s normal merge process, but not outside Bitcoin’s broader consensus risks. Activating BIP300 and BIP301 on Bitcoin itself would require a consensus change. The eCash fork sidesteps that by launching a separate Bitcoin-derived chain with those rules already enabled. Sztorc argues that the benefit is that new features could live on sidechains rather than in ordinary Bitcoin L1 transactions. The base-layer change required to enable that model, however, has consistently failed to gain sufficient support within Bitcoin’s development and user community. Sztorc has said he will cancel the fork if Bitcoin activates BIP300 and BIP301 before August, making eCash both an alternative implementation path and a way of forcing the Drivechain debate back into public view. Why Drivechains Divide Bitcoiners The rationale behind Drivechains is that sidechains linked to Bitcoin’s hash rate could absorb activity and functionality that currently flows to separate altcoins with weaker security models, while giving miners additional fee revenue from sidechain activity. That second point carries increasing weight as Bitcoin’s block subsidy declines and the network’s security budget — the total reward miners earn for securing it — comes to depend more on transaction fees. Drivechain sidechains could, according to this view, provide additional fee demand without requiring changes to Bitcoin’s issuance rules. If a sidechain failed, the damage should theoretically be contained, preventing Bitcoin’s supply from inflating or the corruption of the main chain’s transaction history. The objection is that this containment comes with new assumptions, particularly around miner authority. Under BIP300, withdrawal approval is enforced by miners over an extended signalling period — a design intended to make theft costly, but one that gives miners a meaningful role in whether sidechain withdrawals are approved. A coalition controlling sufficient hash power could delay or manipulate withdrawals in ways that harm depositors. More broadly, critics such as Peter Todd argue the proposal adds complexity to Bitcoin’s security model, lacks the kind of fraud-proof mechanism they would want for sidechain withdrawals and creates incentive dynamics that are difficult to model under adversarial conditions. These objections have been raised consistently since BIP300 was first submitted in 2017, and they have not been resolved to the satisfaction of enough Bitcoin stakeholders to move the proposal forward. Why Bitcoin is Hard to Change Bitcoin’s upgrade process has no formal governance layer, with changes requiring something approaching consensus across developers, miners, node operators, exchanges, custodians, businesses and users — a standard that has kept the base layer narrow and, proponents argue, trustworthy. For many institutional holders, that conservatism is not merely a governance quirk but part of Bitcoin’s appeal. The argument for ossification, i.e. the view that Bitcoin’s base layer should become increasingly difficult to change, treats immutability as a feature rather than a constraint. In that sense, predictability and rule stability become central to the investment case. The 2017 block size wars have become the go-to precedent for what happens when that consensus fractures. Bitcoin Cash forked at block 478,558 with significant miner support and an explicit technical rationale, inheriting Bitcoin’s full transaction history and codebase. What it did not inherit was Bitcoin’s monetary legitimacy — the accumulated social consensus that makes a monetary network function as one. A fork can copy a network’s code and history, but not the trust that users, exchanges and node operators have chosen to place in it. eCash will face a version of that same challenge. The Unresolved Trade-Off Rightly or wrongly, the Litecoin incident gives fresh impetus to the argument for keeping Bitcoin’s base-layer changes rare, narrow and heavily scrutinised. Sztorc’s eCash proposal does, however, raise a valid point. If many proposals for extending Bitcoin’s functionality struggle to gain support, development does not stop. It simply migrates elsewhere, namely to networks and execution environments that may have thinner security, less mature tooling or more centralised trust assumptions. Whether that outcome is acceptable depends on how one weighs Bitcoin’s monetary properties against the cost of pushing useful functionality outside Bitcoin’s consensus system. For many institutions with significant exposure to Bitcoin, it’s far from an abstract debate. Their investment case rests substantially on Bitcoin remaining a narrow, predictable base layer with fixed supply and rules that are resistant to change. Sztorc’s hard fork does not threaten that directly, but the debate it has reopened does ask whether those same properties could make it harder to adopt changes some developers believe Bitcoin needs. Bitcoin’s upgrade debate is therefore not simply about innovation versus conservatism, but about which risk is greater: changing the consensus layer in ways that could compromise Bitcoin’s reliability, or refusing changes that some developers argue may be fundamental to its long-term survival and relevance. The post The Bitcoin Debate: Ossify or Change appeared first on Bitfinex blog .
30 Apr 2026, 03:30
Binance CTK Suspension: Shentu Network Upgrade Triggers Temporary Halt
BitcoinWorld Binance CTK Suspension: Shentu Network Upgrade Triggers Temporary Halt Binance, the world’s largest cryptocurrency exchange by trading volume, has announced a temporary suspension of CTK deposits and withdrawals. This action supports the Shentu (CTK) network upgrade and hard fork. The suspension begins at 12:00 p.m. UTC on May 19. This move directly impacts users holding or transacting CTK tokens. Understanding the timeline and reasons is crucial for traders and investors. Binance CTK Suspension: Key Details and Timeline Binance CTK suspension is a standard procedure for network upgrades. The exchange pauses deposits and withdrawals to ensure a smooth transition. This prevents potential transaction errors during the hard fork. The suspension starts at 12:00 p.m. UTC on May 19. Binance will resume services after the network upgrade is complete and stable. Users should plan their transactions accordingly. What is the Shentu (CTK) Network Upgrade? The Shentu network upgrade introduces new features and improvements. A hard fork is a significant change to the blockchain’s protocol. It creates a permanent divergence from the previous version. This upgrade aims to enhance security, scalability, and functionality. The Shentu team has detailed the upgrade’s benefits in their official documentation. Impact on CTK Traders and Investors The temporary suspension affects all deposit and withdrawal activities. Trading on Binance spot and margin markets continues normally during this period. However, users cannot move CTK into or out of the exchange. This limitation may affect arbitrage strategies and portfolio rebalancing. Investors should review their positions before the deadline. Comparing Exchange Procedures for Network Upgrades Binance is not alone in this practice. Other major exchanges like Coinbase and Kraken follow similar protocols. They pause deposits and withdrawals for network upgrades. This ensures transaction integrity and user fund safety. Below is a comparison of typical procedures: Exchange Action Duration Binance Suspend deposits and withdrawals Until upgrade is stable Coinbase Pause deposits and withdrawals Several hours Kraken Halt deposits and withdrawals Until network confirms How to Prepare for the CTK Hard Fork Users should take several steps before the suspension begins. First, check your CTK balance on Binance. Second, complete any pending withdrawals before the deadline. Third, review the Shentu upgrade documentation. Fourth, consider potential price volatility. Fifth, set up alerts for the resumption of services. These actions help avoid disruptions. Expert Insights on Network Upgrades Blockchain analysts emphasize the importance of such upgrades. They often bring critical security patches and performance enhancements. A hard fork can also lead to new token distributions. Users holding CTK on Binance will automatically receive any new tokens. The exchange handles this process for its customers. This reduces individual technical burden. Timeline of Events for the Shentu Upgrade The upgrade follows a specific schedule. The Shentu team first announced the hard fork. Binance then confirmed its support. The suspension starts on May 19 at 12:00 p.m. UTC. The upgrade itself occurs shortly after. Binance will announce the resumption of services. Users should monitor official channels for updates. Potential Risks and Considerations While network upgrades are generally safe, risks exist. Delays or technical issues can extend the suspension period. Price volatility often accompanies hard forks. Traders should use stop-loss orders if needed. The upgrade may also introduce new tokenomics. Investors should research these changes thoroughly. Conclusion Binance CTK suspension is a necessary step for the Shentu network upgrade. The temporary halt of deposits and withdrawals starts on May 19. Users must prepare by completing transactions beforehand. This upgrade enhances the Shentu blockchain’s capabilities. Staying informed ensures a smooth experience during the transition. FAQs Q1: When does the Binance CTK suspension start? A1: The suspension starts at 12:00 p.m. UTC on May 19. Q2: Will CTK trading be affected during the suspension? A2: No, trading on Binance spot and margin markets continues normally. Q3: How long will the CTK deposit and withdrawal suspension last? A3: Binance will resume services after the Shentu network upgrade is stable. Q4: Do I need to do anything with my CTK tokens? A4: Complete any pending withdrawals before the deadline. Binance handles the upgrade automatically. Q5: What is a hard fork in cryptocurrency? A5: A hard fork is a significant protocol change that creates a permanent divergence from the previous blockchain version. This post Binance CTK Suspension: Shentu Network Upgrade Triggers Temporary Halt first appeared on BitcoinWorld .
30 Apr 2026, 02:00
Cardano Builder IO Says It Delivered 16 Of 18 Treasury Commitments
Input Output said it progressed 16 of 18 treasury-funded Cardano commitments across Q4 2025 and Q1 2026, framing the period as a test of whether ecosystem funding can translate into publicly verifiable delivery. Two commitments, Acropolis and tiered pricing, were canceled, with funding returned to the treasury, according to IO’s delivery report. The report positions Cardano’s treasury model in unusually direct terms: funding either produces trackable output, or it goes back. “In Q4 2025 and Q1 2026, IO delivered measurable progress across 18 treasury-funded commitments. Sixteen were progressed successfully. Two – Acropolis and tiered pricing – were canceled, and their funding returned. Every outcome in this report is publicly verifiable.” Cardano Adoption Moves From Roadmap To Usage The most immediate adoption milestone was the launch of USDCx on Cardano in Q1 2026. IO said the asset went live 84 days after announcement, with more than 15 million USDCx minted in its first week. During that period, Cardano DeFi total value locked rose from $127 million to $142 million, while Minswap, Liqwid and SundaeSwap supported live liquidity pools. Interoperability was the second major adoption theme. LayerZero’s announced integration with Cardano and Midnight connects the ecosystem to more than 160 blockchains and over $80 billion in omnichain assets, according to the report. IO called it “the single largest interoperability unlock in the ecosystem’s history,” with particular relevance for Midnight’s selective disclosure and zero-knowledge proof architecture. The report also cited several external milestones around the Cardano ecosystem, including CME Group’s launch of Cardano futures in February, Coinbase adding ada as collateral for on-chain loans, Midnight’s mainnet launch, and ada acceptance at 137 SPAR stores in Switzerland. IO’s engineering update centered on node reliability, security and upgrade readiness. The company shipped Cardano node versions 10.5.4 and 10.6.2, with improvements to network connectivity, system monitoring, and support for future protocol versions, including v11 and v12. The KES agent also reached version 1.0. The tool separates cryptographic key management from the main node process, reducing key-related attack surface for stake pool operators. IO linked that work directly to the needs of Cardano’s more than 3,000 stake pools. UTXO HD was another major infrastructure item. By moving the UTXO set from memory to disk, IO said Cardano node memory utilization was reduced by up to 80%. That matters for operators because lower memory requirements can reduce infrastructure costs and make running nodes less resource-intensive. Mithril, Hydra And Leios All Reach Working Code Scaling was presented as a three-track strategy rather than a single upgrade. Mithril reached its first stable release, with distribution 2603.1 adding support for the decentralized message queue protocol. IO said this moves Mithril closer to operating without a central coordinator. Hydra moved further into production-oriented work, with releases from 1.0.0 through 1.3.0. The report highlighted faster node restarts, chain-sync drift reporting, deposit and decommit fixes, and active work with real users. It also cited Pondora’s Echo as the first non-custodial Hydra implementation and noted the VTech Hydra SDK. Leios , Cardano’s base-layer throughput upgrade, produced its first working prototype. IO said the prototype now produces and distributes endorser blocks in a local multi-node network, including large blocks with hundreds of transactions and optional simulated network delays. Beyond scaling, IO emphasized developer tooling and formal methods. Plutus received Van Rossem hard fork features, faster Flat decoding, optimized bytestring-integer primitives, and improved Plinth tooling. Cardano High Assurance opened early access to five companies testing automated formal verification at the UPLC level. Research also remained part of the delivery narrative. IO said Work Package 25 closed with all funding milestones complete after a public consultation reaching more than 24,000 people. Two papers were published at Financial Cryptography 2026, and IO chief scientist Professor Aggelos Kiayias was named an ACM Fellow. Looking ahead, IO listed several Q2 targets: the protocol version 11 intra-era hard fork coordinated by Intersect, node v10.7, Mithril 2608, a Leios public testnet, Work Package 26, and the Cryptographic Tools for the Blockchain workshop at Eurocrypt 2026. At press time, Cardano traded at $0.2491.
29 Apr 2026, 23:30
Bitcoin’s August Hard Fork May Dwarf Every Previous Split Combined — Here’s Why
Bitcoin is scheduled to fork in August 2026, and for the first time, the entities holding a great deal of coins are not retail traders but exchange-traded fund (ETF) sponsors, corporate treasuries like Strategy, and regulated custodians sitting on more than two million BTC. Key Takeaways: Bitcoin’s August 2026 eCash hard fork will distribute 1:1
